Extracellular fluid volume excess may be generally iatrogenic or secondary to renal insufficiency, cirrhosis, or congestive heart failure. Plasma and interstitial fluid volumes are increased. In the healthy young adult the signs are generally those of circulatory overload, manifested primarily in the pulmonary circulation, and of excessive fluid in other tissue (see Table 2- 4). In the elderly patient, congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema may develop quickly with a moderate volume excess.
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